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Matrix representations require a large amount of disk space and are not well adapted for basic cheminformatic analysis (i.e. generation of list of compounds, online query of compounds). As a result, molecules nowadays are often represented as strings of characters encoding the Ctab and that can be interpreted by systematic sets of rules. For example, using implicit hydrogen, representing d-alanine using a Molfile takes 612 bytes, while using linear notations such as SMILES or InChI, which are described in this section, takes 15 and 59 bytes, respectively. As mentioned above, linear notations have the advantage of being compact and easy to manipulate (e.g. to use as command-line option or copy in an Excel spreadsheet). The main linear notations introduced in this section are exemplified in Table 1.
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The best example of open-source canonical notation is the InChI (International Chemistry Identifier) representation [10], which was introduced in 2006 by NIST, under the auspices of the IUPAC, as a standard and freely available formula representation. InChI are composed of multiple layers, such as the Main, Charge, Stereochemical, and Isotopic layers, to name a few, which are themselves constituted of sublayers. For example, the Main layer is composed of the Chemical formula, Atom connections, and Hydrogen atoms sublayers (Fig. 5).
Whether fingerprints can be called a chemical notation per say is debatable and comes down to a matter of opinion between experts. Regardless, chemical fingerprints are widely used in cheminformatics and drug discovery as they provide a quick and direct mapping from a graph to a vector representation that can be used as input to numerical models, such as QSAR models. It should be noted that fingerprints are flexible representations and can also encode physicochemical properties as integers (e.g. the hydrogen count) and floats (e.g. molecular weight).
SMIRKS belong to the same family as SMILES and SMARTS. Where SMARTS describe molecular patterns or substructures generically, SMIRKS patterns can be used to define generic reaction transformations. They can be used to describe the reaction centre, to enumerate virtual libraries, and to form the knowledge base for reaction and retrosynthetic prediction systems. If one considers that a reaction is a set of atoms and bonds that change during a reaction and the reactant or substrate upon which that change occurs, then SMIRKS must encode the same set of atoms and bonds that change during the reaction, and the site at which that change occurs in the substrate as specified by a SMARTS pattern. The SMARTS pattern is used to specify both the site at which the atom and bond changes occur, and to capture any indirect effects that may influence the reaction. The atomic expressions must be defined such that (a) for any part of a molecule that is to be considered in a generic transformation for which the bonding does not change, SMARTS are to be used, and (b) in cases where bonds change, SMILES are to be used. In this sense, SMIRKS is a hybrid approach between SMILES and SMARTS. There are some rules that must be followed in order to ensure that SMIRKS patterns can be applied. The two sides of the transformation, the reactant(s) and product(s), must contain the same number of mapped atoms, and they must correspond on either side of the reaction. Additionally, any explicit hydrogens must appear explicitly on either side of the reaction and have corresponding atom mapping numbers. SMIRKS are converted into a reaction graph for their subsequent use. The reaction SMILES and corresponding SMIRKS are shown in Fig. 6.
Example of linear notations for different types of macromolecules. Cyclosporin is an immunosuppressant medication and natural product. Lactose is a disaccharide used in the food industry. Insulin is a peptide hormone which regulates the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and protein. pHEMA or poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) is a polymer that forms hydrogel in water. Copolymers of pHEMA are used to make contact lenses
As we noted in a previous blog post, the default configuration for SRA-Toolkit will store temporary files generated during sequence download in your home directory. Since your home space is just 100GB, we need to change it to a more suitable location.
This figure does not include the time taken to download additional resources when in JavaScript rendering mode. Each resource appears separately in the user interface with its own individual response time.
Here is another example you can download.This has two Regular Expressions and ForEach Controllers.The first RE matches, but the second does not match,so no samples are run by the second ForEach Controller